When Good Vaccines Go Bad - 1624 Words

ïÆ'Ëœ When Polio hit New York City the people were desperate for anything that would save their children’s live. When Jonas Salk came out with the vaccine the people were relief that there is a chance to protect their children from Polio. Little do they know that even with the ultimate goal of fighting the vaccine the people taking part in it had other ideas. Salk wanted to be the man that everyone looked up to because he had developed a vaccine that safe lives of thousands. The foundation that Salk worked under would show that the money that the government put in didn’t go too wasted. For the federal government by helping finding a vaccine they can say that they are there to protect the people and that the people would not have found the vaccination if it wasn’t for the government. Although the vaccine hadn’t proven to work the foundation decided that they are going to put $9 million more into the study. The press then took it as the vaccination is work ing and that no one would put $9 million in for just a vaccination trails and announce it to the people. Thomas Francis was Salk’s advisor at the time and he was asked to write a review about Salk work and he began his speech by saying that the vaccine is â€Å"safe, effective, and potent†. During his speech he also said other things to warn the people about the vaccine, but the people never listened because they have already heard what they want. The vaccine was given and the people had high hopes for it, but the vaccine didn’t workShow MoreRelatedShould Vaccines Be Required For Children?1415 Words   |  6 PagesShould Vaccines Be Required For Children? All living things on this earth are subject to attack from a disease-causing agent. Therefore, multicellular animals have dedicated cells and tissues that fight off infectious microbes in order to build immunity. A multitude of specialized cells carries out much of the immune system’s work. Each of these cells is intended to fight off diseases in a particular way. Vaccination, which is one of the methods that is used to prevent germs from proliferatingRead MoreThe HPV Debate Essay699 Words   |  3 PagesCervical cancer is met with a vaccine with both pros and cons to suppress and annihilate it indefinitely. Although both Mike Adams and Arthur Allen inform the audience of the HPV vaccine, Adams vigorously argues, without evidence, that the vaccine is dangerous to humans while Allen is more sedate and discusses opposing sides to the vaccine. The HPV vaccine has its pros and cons to people that it has created debates to come down to the conclusion of a better solution for the drug companies and theRead MoreEdward Jenner s Eradication Of Smallpox904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe eradication of smallpox† (historyofvaccines.org). Louis Pasteur made a huge impact on our lives when he created a vaccine for rabies in 1885. Does this beg the question: Are vaccines helpful because they save lives, pose limited risk, grow the population or harmful because they do not save lives, put harmful chemicals in the vaccines and will not affect the population for the human race? Vaccines started before Edward Jenner. It has been dated back to the Chinese culture in Nine Hundred CE. ThisRead MoreOnly 24 percent of Canadian children had the appropriate number of doses of vaccines for measles,900 Words   |  4 PagesOnly 24 percent of Canadian children had the appropriate number of doses of vaccines for measles, polio and DPT3 for children between the age of 12 and 23 months. It is possible that 16 percent of children are either under vaccinated or unvaccinated. ( ) When getting children vaccinated thoughts are often not on the side effects or possible side effects and viruses or diseases that they are putting into childrens bodies. The thoughts are more often on getting vaccinated against the viruses andRead MoreEssay Vaccinations: Vaccines Should Be Mandatory For All People 1001 Words   |  5 PagesVaccinations are designed to help people go through their everyday life. A country doctor, Edward Jenner, who lived in Berkeley, England, first administere d vaccines in 1796 (Health Affairs). Throughout history, vaccinations have become better to where they are safer for the human body. Everyone should get vaccinated against certain disease to stay healthy. Vaccines have been proven to make people immune to serious diseases (Childhood Immunization). By being vaccinated the person is not only helpingRead MoreVaccinations Persuasive Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesin recent years even when vaccines have been around for about one thousand years. However, with recent outbreaks of measles, some see as preventable disease through vaccines, the main controversy of vaccination has once again been brought up due to parents concerns of safety of their children. Parents now are wondering if vaccinations are the best thing for their children due to reports that vaccines cause autism and other brain disabilities. Although, the link between vaccines and autism has beenRead MoreShould Parents Have The Free Choice?983 Words   |  4 Pagesforcing Am erican families to take vaccines against their will. Parents that do not take action and don’t provide their children with the â€Å"proper† vaccines can be fined or go to jail. This issue has been an ongoing problem, however, now in many states the government is not even allowing any type of exemption. I disagree with the government and I think that parents should have the free choice as to what vaccines they think is right for their children, being that vaccines don’t always work and they canRead MoreVaccines and The Immune System1056 Words   |  4 Pagescommon in any vaccine. Others believe that vaccinations are very important to get because they could save someone’s life. There is not any proven fact that vaccinations could be a factor of autism, there are only assumptions being made to this. Parents either want their kids to get vaccinated or want absolutely nothing to do with vaccinations. Even though vaccines have minor side effects and have controversial issues such as autism, there is no evidence for the issue; therefore vaccines are very importantRead MoreVaccine Is An Organic Process That Keeps People From Developing Diseases?1309 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever been vaccinated in your entire life or do you know what vaccine is? A vaccine is an organic process that keeps people from developing diseases. Some people say that, since they received vaccinations since as children, their health has improved. However, other people say that vaccination causes different diseases like cancer and autism. They are afraid to be vaccinated. Some parents say that when the nurses who are in training vaccinate children, they put the vaccination needle in theRead MoreEssay The Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines1390 Words   |  6 Pageshighly sought after aspect of human life, there are times when it is overridden for the good of the person or for others around them. The question of whether autonomy is always the most importa nt factor in determining the morality of an issue must be made. According to Fields, autonomy requires and allows a person to â€Å"comprehend the action to be taken, the alternatives, and the consequences,† which is what it does. Nonetheless, there are times when this extent of autonomy may be skewed by beliefs and

Leadership Style Based On Rewards And Punishments For Work

Transformational leaders are emerging as organizations are consistently looking to improve, become larger, or increase interaction with their stakeholders or core audience. Organizations are asking leaders, now more than ever, to inspire creativity, evoke ownership, and engage followers to succeed within the confines of the organizational goals and mission. Transactional leadership still has a place in an organization’s leadership development; there is still a need for a leadership style based on rewards and punishments for work performed. A leader must know their weaknesses and strengths and learn to utilize the leadership style that best suits him or her. Adapting certain traits of different leadership styles proves to be beneficial and productive for both the leader and the team that they lead. Regardless of political affiliation or views one can look objectively at three dynamic female leaders who have emerged on the American political scene in recent years, Condoleezza Rice, Hillary Clinton and Nancy Pelosi. Each woman collectively possesses an abundance of self-awareness that has helped them reach posts of power within the American political system while breaking through and above the glass ceiling. Aptly described as a subcategory of transformational leadership, Authentic leadership has four core traits: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency all of which seem to fit these two women (Northouse 2013, p.263).Show MoreRelatedMax Weber And The Transactional Leadership1033 Words   |  5 Pagestransactional leadership was firstly talked and elaborated in 1947 by Max Weber and described more in 1981 by Bernard M. Bass. It is a style of leadership that leaders provides their subordinates with rewards or punishments. It can be called management theories. This style mainly encourages and directs subordinates or followers by providing incentives. The power of this leadership derives from the control, rules and regulation of companies. Particularly, managers use the transactional style. (OdumeruRead MoreAuthoritarian And Authoritarian Leadership Style Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pages or autocratic, leadership tends to be viewed rather negatively, even though it is among the most common leadership styles in the business world. The term creates a negative image in most minds; an idea of dictators and tyrants. The images are directly translated into the world of leadership, even though authoritarian leadership can have much to offer. In this guide, we will examine the main concepts behind authoritarian leadership and study the core characteristics of the style and the leaders whoRead MoreTransactional Leadership : Leadership And Group Performance1168 Words   |  5 PagesTransactional Leadership Organizational leadership builds on traditional theories in order to form new and exciting directions. Transactional leadership is a traditional theory, which has been used as a platform to understand leadership and further develop techniques for higher organizational performance. The three components of transactional leadership help shape and define the style, but are not always strictly adhered to. There are many advantages and disadvantages of transformational leadership. KnowingRead MoreAssumption 3 : Subordinates For The Leader s Instructions And Objectives1696 Words   |  7 Pagesinstructions and objectives. The leadership style also assumes that subordinates hand out the authority to the leader when they sign a contract with the organisation. In exchange of the financial and other benefits, the subordinate is provided with for the work, the subordinate hands power to the leader. This exchange leads to the important assumption that the subordinate’s role is to obey the instructions and objectives set out by the leader. Unlikely in leadership theories such as laissez faire,Read MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of A Team Leader1666 Words   |  7 Pagesalways be the same. Leadership styles are different techniques/ways of leading a group or team. I have been tasked to describe, compare and evaluate the following 8 styles of leadership; - Authoritarian - Democratic - Laissez-faire - Transactional - Transformational - Bureaucratic - People orientated - Task orientated As well as this I need to identify the different roles and responsibilities of a team leader. The first style I will be looking at is â€Å"Autocratic† Leadership also known as â€Å"Authoritarian†Read MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1749 Words   |  7 Pagesopposed to people. Leaders, who use this method, develop loyalty from their followers that serves as motivation. The next style is the participative approach, which promotes ownership amongst followers. The Air Force created a program called Air Force Smart Operations for the 21st Century (AFSO21). This program allows Airmen to develop process improvements to their immediate work centers to reduce workload, increase efficiency and improve Air Force capabilities. Air Force leaders realized that theRead MoreRewards1519 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Rewards Companies reward their employees with both tangible goods, as well as praise. For example, a sales department may offer a monthly bonus to the highest earner. Not all tangible rewards come in the form of money. Some companies host free lunches, or give away company gear to good workers. Many managers choose to reward their best employees by simply praising them for a job well done, or by recognizing the hard work they put in to a project. Workplace reward systems are incentive programs thatRead MoreLeadership Is Essential For Leadership Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pages Leadership is defined as â€Å"human communication which modifies the attitudes and behaviors of others in order to meet group goals and needs.† On paper this sounds so definite and fixed, but leadership is one the broadest and slightly complex topics of all. Leaders serves people best when they help them develop their own initiative and good judgment, enable them to grow, and help them become better contributors (Thomas S Bateman, 2010, p. 66). Around the world, in each community, workplace, organizationRead MoreLeadership Style And Its Impact On The Employees Work Life Balance And Company Production1105 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees work life balance and company production. As a leader when compassion is shown to employees it sends a since of trust and allows a better work environment. When a leader has a closed door policy and is viewed not approachable, it can be disastrous for the overall mission and production of the company. Job-centered leaders closely supervise subordinates to make sure they perform their tasks following the specified procedures. This type of leader relies on reward, punishment, and legitimateRead MoreWhy Leaders Are Born Or Made?1337 Words   |  6 Pagesor made. While the origin of the question is unknown, the answers in response to the question are numerous. The terms leadership and management have become increasingly prevalent in today’s workplace. They are often used in place of each other and in some cases the terms leadership and management are used identically to each other. This has not always been the case. Leadership has a long history that dates as far back as biblical times. According to Bass, â€Å"it is one of the world’s oldest preoccupations†

Discuss the ways in which women’s domestic role Free Essays

Beginning in the home, a woman’s role is socially constructed from an early age. A woman’s role models are traditionally her parents and many women naturally follow in their mothers footsteps. However, this can often work In reverse and women of whose mothers stayed at home In a domestic care role then go on to carve careers for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the ways in which women’s domestic role or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although these days women do have careers they are still socially seen as the homemaker regardless of this. A woman’s domestic role is often run alongside other work and a great number of women choose careers which are care eased. The sexual division of labor is at the heart of gender inequality, which is underpinned by the patriarchal family structure where the man Is the highest authority and sole provider and there Is a rolled dolls of tasks and responsibilities, all of which have been regulated by social norms that have become constructed and ingrained over time. Florence Nightingale was a great influence in creating the nursing/caring role. She acknowledged that a great number of women naturally progressed into care roles and so she introduced the role of a nurse yet it was not a consider profession at this point Medical stations in the Crimean war were poorly staffed with awful medical and sanitary conditions. This was reported by the media In Britain. Florence Nightingale, one of 38 voluntary nurses traveled to Turkey to help relieve the situation. Nightingale worked towards improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and activity for the patients of the hospitals. Death rates were reduced dramatically with the introduction of such measures. Nightingale kept meticulous records of the number of deaths, and the causes of deaths, so that on her return to Great Britain she could Justify the need for Improving conditions In hospitals. Criticisms of Florence Nightingale have been that she created a female occupation, excluding males based around her view that women were naturally caring and naturally gifted at looking after people. This only emphasized ‘female virtues’ especially in the media as they made this her main point even though there was much more to her than Just this point. As a result of what she did the beliefs of the male professionals were further supported. Those beliefs being that women are innate males in the workforce and the nursing role was stereotyped as a role which only women performed bringing with It the stereotype which we still hold today. Even now, with many more men taking on the role of the nurse we seem to find this unusual and sometimes quite a surprise. During this time the education system excluded women from the ability to gain scientific knowledge and the medical profession denied access to women who actually had managed to gain education. After Florence Nightingale, Ethel Bedford Fenwick (who is she) said that by 1901 , although we had moved on from the workhouses there was still no professional nurses in Britain and campaigned for a nationally recognized training system to create an actual nursing ‘profession’ This era was such named the era of the ministering angel’ She worked to elevate nursing from the time of Florence Nightingale. During much of the 20th Century there was little progress with the imbalance of male to female care professions, even with the introduction of the INS women still made up the majority of the workforce in the INS with the male professions making up the majority of top rank Jobs, such as surgeons and insulates, much higher paid, recognized and respected professions. Domestic service of all kinds was the single largest employer of women (40 per cent of female occupations stated in the census of 1851 in provincial cities and 50 per cent in London). The textile and clothing sectors came a close second (http:// www. BBC. Co. UK/history/British/Victorians/women’s_work_OLL . SHTML) A greater number of women than men choose Job roles in the care industry. Ann Oakley refers to this as being the influence of gender oscillation and the women’s domestic role in the home throughout history. This fact adds to the divide between men and women in the health and social care sector with statistics showing that in 2010 for an example, women made up 74% of the workforce in the INS and men only 26%. Even the most educated women earn less than men, women generally receive a lower return on their education and workplace discrimination against women is reflected in pay irrespective of educational level. In 2009 the BAM report was released, highlighting the inequality in male and female salaries within the health care industry. An average gap of El 5,245 between men and women in the same reversions. â€Å"Our results show that men and women with identical experience and expertise are paid differently – which suggests evidence of discrimination† (BAM 2009) It seems women are discriminated against due to her weakness in her ability to move. How to cite Discuss the ways in which women’s domestic role, Papers

Cases and Materials in Company Law

Question: Discuss about the Cases and Materials in Company Law. Answer: Introduction: The doctrine of separate legal identity of the company is a basic principle of the law and that is applicable in most parts of the world. In accordance with this principle, the law treats a corporation as a distinct entity that is separate from its members. The rule of the separate identity of a company can be found throughout the company law and there are widespread practical and theoretical implications of this doctrine of company law. In the present assignment, the concept of separate legal identity will be evaluated and at the same time, the decision given Salomon's case will also be examined. However this examination will be made in view of the statement according to which the doctrine of corporate entity is like a boomerang and it can also give back the person who is trying to use it. Therefore, with the above applicable case law, the principle of separate legal identity of company has been evaluated and at the same time, the limits that have been placed on corporate entity hav e also been examined. Generally it is said that the doctrine of corporate entity is a double-edged sword. The court had illustrated the doctrine of separate entity in the case titled R v Arnaud (1846). The brief facts of this case are that a registering authority had refused to register a ship due to the reason that some foreigners were among the owners of the ship. The owner of the ship was a British chartered company but its members included some foreigners. In this case, the court made in order that they registering authority should register the ship on the grounds that owner of the ship was the British company instead of members (Farrar, 1998). However the landmark decision related with the principle of separate entity is considered as decision given Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1896). In this case, the separate identity of the company was confirmed and a company has to be treated as having a distinct legal personality. The very facts of this case are that the Salomon had sold his shoe business to the company that was created by him under the Companies Act. The company was registered under the Act and the members of the company were Mr. Salomon and the members of his family. Particularly, fully paid shares and debentures were received by Mr. Salomon up to the value of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000 and later on, he assigned them to another party. After some time, the business of the company declined and the company went into insolvency. The liquidators tried to hold Mr. Salomon responsible for the debts of the company and it was argued by them that the transaction was a fraud committed on the creditors of the company and therefore, Mr. Salomon should not be allowed by the law to benefit from the transaction. At the same time, it was also argued by the liquidator that the compa ny was merely an agent of Mr. Salomon and therefore, Mr. Salomon is required to indemnify the company as well as its creditors. However while deciding the case, the House of Lords arrived at the decision that the Salomon did not have any liability towards the company nor to its creditors. But in this regard, it needs to be noted that in this case, the House of Lords has not really only decided that Salomon Co. was a company that has been duly incorporated according to the Companies Act, 1862 (UK) although the seven shareholders of the company were not truly independent. However all the statutory requirements mentioned in this regard have been satisfied as the company had seven shareholders. In view of the decision given by the House of Lords in this case, the following four points follow from the proposition that the companies that have been duly incorporated, enjoyed a separate legal identity. These are that the property of the company is company's property and similarly the debt of the company is also the debt of the company. Similarly, the company can enter into a contract with its members and outsiders and torts and crimes can be committed by the companies. The above-mentioned four points have been reasserted in a number of cases. Similarly, arguments can be given in favor of as well as against the decision given in Salmon's case. It also needs to be noted that by applying the principle of separate entity, only beneficial effects have been produced for the shareholders however, the application of this principle may result in a disadvantage for the third parties, particularly the creditors of the company (Sealy, 1996). Therefore, in several situations, the courts and the legislature have intervened where the application of the principle of separate entity can be abused or where the application of this principle may result in unjust consequences. This is called the lifting of the corporate veil. The application of this principle does not mean that suddenly the company is considered as not being incorporated but the meaning of this principle is that the fact of the incorporation of a company will be ignored by the court in order to decide in certain circumstances that in case of a particular transaction, it has been decided by the court or the legislature that the will not be considered as having a distinct identity (Pennington, 1995). The decision is always difficult for the courts whether to lift the corporate veil in a particular case or not. In such a case, the court has to decide where the loss should lie. As discussed above in Salmon's case and also in Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd (1961), if by simply applying the principle of separate entity, may cause extreme results. With the passage of time, the courts have moved away from the strict application of the principle provided in Salmon's case in order to deal with the difficult situations so that they can adopt a more int erventionist approach while trying to achieve justice under certain circumstances. On the basis of the above mentioned the decision, it can be said that the courts may decide to pierce the veil of incorporation under the following circumstances. For example in case of a fraud or sham, the court may decide to guess the corporate veil (Adams v Cape Industries Plc., (1990). Such a situation takes place when the principle of separate legal entity has been used by the individuals for doing something which they have personally bound to do. In the same way, the court may decide to pierce the veil if the Court has recognized an agency relationship. When the subsidiary has been treated as an agent of the holding company, the court may be as the veil and in this way, say that the holding company is liable for the debts of the subsidiary. Apart from the two main circumstances that have been mentioned above, the court may also decide to pierce the corporate veil in cases like the evasion of legal obligations or paramount public interest (Gilford Motor Company Ltd v Horne, 1933 ). Therefore it can be said that the corporate veil can be lifted by the courts and the principle of separate legal entity can be ignored by the records and justice requires the court to do so. In the end, it can be said that the principal that has been established by the court in Salmon's case can be considered as a double-edged sword. Numerous debates have been going on regarding this principle and therefore the question is also often raised if the positive effects of this principle overweigh the negative effects, has not been answered yet due to the reason that it is far too broad (Jones v Lipman, 1962). However despite facing criticism, it can be said regarding the principle of separate entity that this principle has played an important role in developing modern capitalism and at the same time, this principle has also helped in generating social and economic wealth. At the same time, it can also be said that the principle of separate entity enjoys a very significant position under the company law and this situation should never be changed. In certain cases, the circumstances can be quite complex and as a result, if the principle of separate entity is applied strictly, it may result in apparently unfair results. However with a view to defend justice in some cases, the legislature is required to forge a sledgehammer that can crack open the corporate shell. It has also been stated that without a statutory assistance generally the courts have shown their readiness to lift the corporate veil and impose liability on the members and the directors of the corporation. Therefore, the principle of separate legal identity has been ignored by the courts in the number of cases, for example when it is of paramount significance to protect the interests of the public or where the company has been formed only with a view to evade legal obligations. References Farrar John H, 1998, Farrar's company law, 4th ed., London: Butterworth. Pennington Robert R., 1995, Company Law, 7th ed., Butterworths. Sealy LS, 1996 Cases and Materials in Company Law, 6th ed., Butterworths. Adams v Cape Industries Plc (1990) Ch 443. Gilford Motor Company Ltd v Horne [1933] Ch 935. Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832. Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd [1960] UKPC 33. R v Arnaud (1846) 9 QB 806. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1896] UKHL 1.